Substances and Methods Prohibited for Use in Sport: Object or Means of Committing Crimes?

Countering doping in modern sport plays an important role. In order to effectively apply various types of legal liability, it is necessary to determine what substances and methods are prohib­ited in sport. Since the advent of full-fledged anti-doping rules (1967), the list of such substances and methods, as well as the doping control system, have been dynamically changing. The anti-doping system received significant development after the formation of the World Anti-Doping Agency (1999). For the purposes of bringing to criminal responsibility, there is a list, initially somewhat reduced, sub­sequently substantially supplemented. The legislator's decision to create a special list raises questions. Therefore, the Author considers various approaches to such substances and methods and determines their place in the crime. In the first part of the work, prohibited substances and methods are analyzed and their characteristics are given. In the second part, the Author explores the need for a specific list of prohibited substances or methods for the purpose of criminalizing anti-doping rule violations. In ad­dition, it distinguishes between narcotic, psychotropic, potent substances, on the one hand, and prohib­ited substances, on the other. The Author comes to the conclusion that the existence of a special list for the purposes of implementing Art. 230¹ and 230² of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation is inap­propriate due to the specifics of the acts themselves, as this limits the possibility of being held liable for the use of analogues of substances. In the third part of the work, the Author explores the understanding of prohibited substances or methods as the subject of a crime. It is concluded that to consider prohibited substances or methods as the subject of crimes under Art. 230¹ and 230² of the Criminal Code of the Rus­sian Federation is impossible, since the crime is not directly directed at them. Accordingly, in the fourth part of the work it is substantiated that such substances and methods constitute the means of committing a crime. As a result, the Author comes to the conclusion that it is necessary to change the legislative regulation of criminal liability for violation of anti-doping rules.

1. Ivanova S., Ivanov K., Papanov S., Stoyanov P., Penkova E., Ivanov S. Historical Review of Doping in Sport. In: Science and Youth. Plovdiv; 2016. P. 432–436.

2. Kulikov E. Doping in Sports: History, Limits, Perspectives. Logos. 2014;3:223-230. (In Russ.).

3. Dovgan Yu. E., Dovgan E. A., Gevorgyan A. S. Doping as a Social and Political Problem in the Modern World: Russian and Foreign Experience. State and Municipal Management. Scholar Notes. 2020;1:184-187. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22394/2079-1690-2020-1-1-184-187 (In Russ.).

4. Mottram D. Banned Drugs in Sport. Does the International Olympic Committee (IOC) List Need Updating? Sports Medicine. 1999;27:1-10. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-199927010-00001

5. Chebotarev A. V. Theoretical Aspects of Anti Doping Rules in International and National Regulation. Pravovedenie. 2018;62(4):765-778. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu25.2018.411 (In Russ.).

6. Chebotarev A. V. Liability for Violation of Anti-doping Rules in Russia: Issues and Prospects. Pravo. Zhurnal Vysshey shkoly ekonomiki = Law. Journal of the Higher School of Economics. 2019;3:76-97. DOI: http://doi.org/10.17323/2072-8166.2019.3.76.97 (In Russ.).

7. Evseev S. P. Critical Analysis of Basic Concepts of the Anti-doping Code. Uchenye zapiski universiteta imeni P. F. Lesgafta. 2016;9:46-56. (In Russ.).

8. Gunina L. Аnabolic Agents in Sport: Mechanism of Doping Action and Side Effects. Science in Olympic Sport. 2015;4:39-48. (In Russ.).

9. Orekhova A. V., Moskalenko I. S., Shul’gov Yu. I. Sports Doping: Classification and Its Impact on a Human Being. Symbol of Science. 2015;4:190-193. (In Russ.).

10. Shevchenko O. A., Vorontsov D. I. Legal Basis for the Creation of a System for Preventing Gene Doping and Countering Genetic Modification in Sport. Lex Russica. 2019;9:119-129. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17803/1729-5920.2019.154.9.119-129 (In Russ.).

11. Redkina A. I., Shevchenko O. A., Vorontsov D. I. Protection of Human Rights in the Context of Fight Against Gene Doping. Administrative Consulting. 2020;8:67-77. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22394/1726-1139-2020-8-67-77 (In Russ.).

12. Yermakov M. G. Attributes of Potent and Toxic Substances (Article 234 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation). Nauchnyi vestnik Omskoi akademii MVD Rossii = Scientific Bulletin of the Omsk Academy of the MIA of Russia. 2012;3:62-66. (In Russ.).

13. Prozumentov L. M. General Characterization of Crimes that Encroach on the Relations Ensuring the Health of the Population in Sports (Article 230.1 and Article 230.2 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation). Tomsk State University Journal of Law. 2019;33:126-131. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17223/22253513/33/11 (In Russ.).

14. Fedorov A. V. Doping and Drugs. Narkokontrol. 2017;2:10-21. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18572/2072-4160-2017-2-10-21 (In Russ.).

15. Kukharuk V. V. Substances and/or Methods Prohibited for Use in Sports, in Criminal Law. Law and Politics. 2018;5:42-51. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7256/2454-0706.2018.5.23052 (In Russ.).

16. Tatsii V. Ya. Object and Subject of Crime in Soviet Criminal Law. Kharkiv: Vyshcha shkola Publ., Kharkiv State University Publ.; 1988. 198 p. (In Russ.).

17. Korzhanskii N. I. Object and Subject of Criminal Law Protection. Moscow: Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR Publ.; 1980. 248 p. (In Russ.).

18. Khilyuta V. V. The Subject of Crime in Criminal Law: Problems and Contradictions. Journal of Russian Law. 2016;7:70-79. DOI: https://doi.org/10.12737/20150 (In Russ.).

19. Golubev S. I. The Subject of an Environmental Crime. Moscow: Yurid. firma Kontrakt Publ., 2020. 176 p. (In Russ.).

20. Yani P. S. A Subject and Means (Instrument) of Crime (Based On the Example of Smuggling). Zakonnost Journal. 2020;10:27-32. (In Russ.).

21. Blagov E. V. Component Elements of a Crime: Tradition and Reality. Lex Russica. 2017;6:156-165. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17803/1729-5920.2017.127.6.156-165 (In Russ.).

22. Malinin V. B., Parfenov A. F. The Objective Side of the Crime. St. Petersburg: Law Institute Publ.; 2004. 299 p. (In Russ.).

23. Poberezhny D. B. Concept of Crime Commission Means. Izvestia: Herzen University Journal of Humanities & Sciences. 2008;28(1):260-263. (In Russ.).

24. Murashov N. F. Responsibility for Inducement to Use Narcotic Drugs, Psychotropic Substances or Their Analogues (Article 230 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation). Some Contestable Issues of Theory and Practice. Narkokontrol. 2016;2:3-11. (In Russ.).

25. Savinkov A. A. Criminal Law Counter to Inducement to Use Narcotic Drugs, Psychotropic Substances or Their Analogs. Society: Politics, Economics, Law. 2019;5:39-48. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24158/pep.2019.5.7 (In Russ.).